Preface: Multifunctionality of large rivers

PREFACE

Preface

PREFACE

Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Large Rivers

Nitrogen is a critical nutrient for plants and animals, and terrestrial ecosystems and headwater streams have a considerable ability to capture nitrogen or to reduce it to N2 gas though the process of denitrification. Nitrogen cycling and retention is thus one of the most important functions of ecosystems (Vitousek et al., 2002). When loads of nitrogen from fertilizer, septic tanks, and atmosph...

Multifunctionality of Pheromones

Pheromones are low molecular weight chemical substances that are produced by a plant or animal and cause a response in another individual of same or another spices. Pheromones can be of many different chemical types, to serve different functions even for survival of the individual. Pheromones are sending out subconscious scent signals to male or female that naturally trigger attraction, arousal...